We conducted this study in the Agogo Traditional Area of the Ashanti region of Ghana where there are numerous cases of conflicts between crop and animal farmers as a result of insufficient pasture for livestock, especially during the dry seasons. This has drawn the attention of various stakeholders in agriculture to the need for supplement feed through pasture establishment. The study examines farmers’ (perception) and the financial viability of pasture establishment for small ruminant production. The specific objectives of the study are as follow: to identify the cost and returns for the establishment of an acre of pasture, to assess the financial viability of pasture establishment on ‘cut and sell’ basis, to investigate farmers’ (perception) of pasture establishment for cattle production, to conduct a SWOT analysis of the establishment of pasture in Agogo. The study purports to analyze in detail, farmers' (perception)s about the nature of the proposed 'Fodder Bank' policy and its likely effect on crop and livestock production, and whether the proposed policy could generate adequate monetary returns to induce its adoption at the farm level. The study seeks to provide evidence in support of SDG goals 2 (Zero hunger) and 12 (Responsible consumption and production) of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. To the authors' best of Knowledge, this is envisage to provide valuable information to support policy initiatives intended to tackle the root cause of farmer-herder conflicts. The Asante Akim North Municipal is one of the 27 administrative Districts in the Ashanti Region. Its capital is Konongo- Odumasi. The population for this study comprises livestock and crop farmers in Agogo. Asante Akim North Municipal was purposively selected for the study because it is noted for its agrarian abilities and massive production of food in the Ashanti region. The multi stage sampling was employed in this study. At the first stage, Asante Agogo traditional area was selected purposively due to the fact that majority of the inhabitants engage in agricultural activities (GSS 2010). At the second stage, three communities in Agogo namely, Hwidiem, Ananekrom and Bebuso were selected purposively. At the third stage, quota sampling was used to obtain a specific number of farmers from each of the three communities to sum up to 150 respondents as shown in table. Simple random sampling technique was then used to engage the selected farmers in these communities. A sample size of 150 respondents were obtained using the Slovin’s formulae which is a scientific method of obtaining the sample size for a given population. Structured questionnaires consisting of open and close ended questions were used to gather primary data from respondents through face-to-face interviews. Interviews were conducted using the local dialect mostly to enhance communication and to clear all language barriers but English was used where the respondents could give accurate answers in English Language. Data per the questionnaires from respondents were concerning their (perception) of pasture establishment and the assessment of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of pasture establishment. Secondary data was sought from books, journals, dissertations and the internet. Useful and relevant information on the appropriate materials and their costs for establishing pasture was also obtained from the Agogo MoFA office, and the KNUST Department of Animal Science. Descriptive statistics such as percentages, tables and means were used to analyze the socio-economic characteristics of respondents. It was revealed in the study that majority of crop farmers have had their crops destroyed by ruminants especially cattle at least once. Additionally, the study showed that pasture establishment is one way through which crop farms destruction by livestock can be prevented as about 99% of farmers responded in the affirmative. The results for the financial viability of the venture under the assumptions used gave relevant results with BCR of 1.18 and NPV of GHC 3,160. The Internal Rate Return of the venture is estimated at 40.1% and a Pay Back period of 2.61 years. Therefore, it will be economically prudent for investors to commit resources towards establishing pasture. The (perception) index for commercial, economic and financial concerns of pasture establishment was 3.7 which is skewed toward agree. The statement that had the highest positive (perception) index was about the fact that pasture establishment will increase the quality of meat. This implies that respondents perceive that the commercial, economic and financial results of pasture establishment will be positive. The (perception) index for the social category was 3.66. The statement with the highest positive assertion by respondents is the fact that pasture establishment will help control the movement of animals. The (perception) index of 3.66 which is skewed towards agree means that pasture establishment will attract the support from the community and also bring more benefits to the society. In the category of technical concerns of pasture establishment, the overall (perception) index for this category is 3.15, which means that the respondents perceive they have a fair technical know- how concerning pasture establishment even though the venture requires technical know-how. In the category of institutional concerns, support and involvement in pasture establishment, the statement with the highest (perception) index is that MoFA will support farmers with the necessary resources in its capacity. With reference to the chi-square test, the study can conclude that there is a significant relationship between the type of farmer and the (perception) that support can be drawn from farmer-based associations, and the (perception) that pasture establishment will increase livestock production as well as the general sales of farmers. Lastly, the study revealed that there is a significant relationship between the educational background of the farmer and the (perception) that it is not difficult to select planting materials for pasture establishment. Farmers in Asante Akim Agogo should adopt the establishment of pasture since it is financially viable. The establishment of pasture in Asante Akim Agogo should be encouraged since it has the potency to reduce the farmer - herder conflicts and ensure food security. For successful pasture establishment, technical know-how is essential.

Aesthetic experience is a rich and pleasing one. The factors that involve in this expe rience constitute the base of discourse between two schools of thought in contemporary aesthetics Integrationists, one of these two, believe that factors such as scientific Knowledge and cultural conditions are combined with sensational qualities and make the aesthetic experience. The philosophers of the second school disagree with the integrationist position by emphasizing that the (perception) of beauty is dependant solely on the sensations of the observer (how it looks, sounds, or feels) and not knowing the history or cultural frame work of a scene or object. Perhaps the origins of these debates are in the form/content distinctions that formalism claims. This article, tries to describe the aesthetic experience and its difference with the cognitive experience in the light of some examples. At the end it would suggest that form/content conflict would lead to incoherence in aesthetic object and so it is rejected.

Background and Aim: Injections are one of the most common health care procedures. Each year some 16 thousand million injections are administered in developing and transitional countries. Due to unsafe injection practices 26 million years of life are lost each year. Objective: To define the Knowledge of health care providers about safe injection practice in children according to WHO standards. Materials and Methods: We prepared a cross sectional study and included health care personnel in two university affiliated medical centers. Data about the Knowledge of safe injection practices, as recommended by the World Health Organization, was collected using a previously designed questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS 13.0. Results: 150 personnel answered the questions. Percentage of incorrect answers were as follows: use of gloves 92%, need to disinfect single dose vials 80%, disinfecting site of muscular injections 86.7%, safe needle disposal 70.7%, recapping the needle 56%, and the optimal site for intramuscular injections in young children 12.7%. 72.7% were not familiar with auto-disable syringes. There was no significant difference in the belief that injection is better than oral medication between doctors and nurses (p>0.05). Almost 80% of doctors and more than 50% of nurses believed that parents preferred injection prescriptions for their children. Conclusion: Our findings revealed a serious lack of Knowledge about safe injection practices among health care providers albeit doctors or nurses. We recommend that instructions about safe injection practices should be included in the medical and nursing curriculum. Moreover, improving communication skills between health care providers and their patients would prevent the misuse of all drugs including injections. 

Suhrawardi, on the basis of presence or absence of the thing for the subject, classifies the human Knowledge into the Knowledge by presence and the conceptual Knowledge.The foundation of the Knowledge by presence is the presence of soul for itself and the basis of the conceptual Knowledge is the memory of the soul from the sensible world by observing it. Suhrawardi believes that the mind is the conceptual aspect of the soul. All conceptions are known by essence or by accident. He calls them the evidential and acquired Knowledge. Accordingly, he has considered the sensible concepts and observations as the most evident concepts. Suhrawardi makes a distinction between the concept or idea of the thing and the thing qua thing. Moreover, he holds that the concept of thing represents one aspect of the thing and then it should not be confused between the things as things and their concept or idea.